| Birmingham pub bombings | |
|---|---|
| Location | Birmingham, England United Kingdom |
| Date | 21 November 1974 20:17 and 20:27 (GMT) |
| Target | Public houses in Birmingham |
| Attack type | Time bombs |
| Deaths | 21 |
| Injured | 182 |
| Suspected perpetrator | Provisional Irish Republican Army |
The Birmingham pub bombings occurred on 21 November 1974 in Birmingham, England. The explosions killed 21 people and injured 182.[1] The devices were placed in two central Birmingham pubs – the Mulberry Bush and the Tavern in the Town (now renamed the Yard of Ale).[2] Although warnings were sent, the pubs were not evacuated in time. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) was immediately and widely blamed for the bombings, although it denied responsibility.[3] The attack was claimed by a small militant group called Red Flag 74, but this was treated with skepticism by police.[4]
As the IRA was believed to have been responsible, the bombings yielded a wave of anti-Irish sentiment and attacks on the Irish community in parts of Great Britain.[5] A few days after, the Prevention of Terrorism Act was swiftly introduced by the British Government.
A memorial service was held in Birmingham Cathedral on the 35th anniversary and a memorial plaque is in the grounds of Saint Philip's Cathedral in Birmingham.[6]
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At 20:11[7] a man with an Irish accent telephoned the Birmingham Post newspaper and said: "There is a bomb planted in the Rotunda and there is a bomb in New Street at the tax office". The Rotunda was a 25-storey office block that housed the Mulberry Bush pub on its lower two floors.[8] The police started to check the upper floors of the Rotunda but failed to clear the crowded pub at street level. Just six minutes after the warning, at 20:17, the bomb exploded, devastating the pub.[7]
Police were attempting to clear the nearby Tavern in the Town pub on New Street, when at 20:27 a second bomb exploded there.[3] A passing West Midlands bus was wrecked in the blast.[9] The two pubs were about 50 yards (46 m) apart.[3]
A third device, outside a branch of Barclays Bank on Hagley Road, failed to detonate.[10]
Collectively, the attacks were the most injurious terrorist attacks in England until the July 2005 London bombings;[11] 21 people were killed (ten at the Mulberry Bush and eleven at the Tavern in the Town) and 182 people were injured.
The media, the police and the government immediately blamed the IRA for the bombings.[3] A few days after, the British Government introduced the Prevention of Terrorism Act. This allowed suspects to be held up to 7 days without charge and allowed people to be deported from Great Britain to either Northern Ireland or the Republic of Ireland.[8] There were calls to reintroduce hanging for those convicted of terrorist acts. Dáithí Ó Conaill, a member of the IRA's Army Council, replied: "For every IRA volunteer they hang, we will hang two British soldiers until the British give in". The bid to reintroduce hanging was unsuccessful.[12]
As the bombings were blamed on the IRA, Anti-Irish feeling was high in parts of Great Britain after the attacks. There was a wave of firebombings, bomb threats and attacks on Irish people and Irish-owned businesses. In Birmingham, the Irish Centre was attacked[4] and there was "talk of English workers dropping bricks on the heads of Irish Catholic workmates on building sites and in factories".[5]
Because of the anger against Irish people in Birmingham after the bombings, the IRA's Army Council placed the city "strictly off-limits" to IRA active service units.[13]
The day after the bombings, the IRA denied responsibility.[14] Dáithí Ó Conaill, a member of the IRA's Army Council, said:
If IRA members had carried-out such attacks, they would be court-martialled and could face the death penalty. The IRA has clear guidelines for waging its war. Any attack on non-military installations must be preceded by a 30-minute warning so that no innocent civilians are endangered.[12]
IRA sources in London said that the bombs might have been planted by Ulster loyalists "bent on stirring-up a wave of anti-Irish feeling in Britain".[5]
Two days after the bombings, a girl in London phoned a news agency and claimed responsibility on behalf of the "Manchester Brigade of Red Flag 74". This was a small breakaway group from the International Marxist Group and claimed to have about 500 members. Red Flag 74 had claimed responsibility for bombings before, including one at the Tower of London. It also claimed that its members had trained with the IRA in Ireland and that it had received explosives from the IRA. All were treated with skepticism by the police.[4][15]
The Birmingham Six[16][17] were immediately accused of carrying out the attack; they were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. They spent 16 years in prison. At their third appeal, their convictions were quashed after the scientific evidence and the documents setting out the confessions were found to be unreliable.[18] They were released on 14 March 1991 after the judgment of the Court of Appeal was handed down.[19][20][21]
On 28 March 1990, ITV broadcast the Granada Television documentary drama Who Bombed Birmingham?, which re-enacted the bombings.[22] It was written by Rob Ritchie and directed by Mike Beckham, starring John Hurt as Mullin, Martin Shaw as World in Action producer Ian McBride, and Patrick Malahide as Michael Mansfield (QC).[23][24]
Key elements of the novel The Rotters Club by Jonathan Coe involve the bombings.
The Pogues song "Streets of Sorrow/Birmingham Six" is about the miscarriage of justice of the Birmingham Six.
A memorial to the victims of the bombings is in St. Philip's Cathedral, Birmingham.[25]
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